What is the term for a single word, part of a word, or short line at the beginning of a column?

The term that refers to a single word, part of a word, or short line at the beginning of a column is "orphan." In typesetting and layout design, an orphan occurs when a single word or short line appears at the top of a column or page, separated from the rest of the text. This can create visual awkwardness and disrupt the flow of reading. Ensuring that paragraphs and columns are visually balanced often involves avoiding orphans, along with other typographic considerations.

Other terms related to typesetting are "widow," which denotes a similar situation but at the end of a paragraph or column. The terms "solo" and "intro" do not specifically refer to this concept in typography. A strong understanding of these terms is essential for creating visually appealing and easy-to-read layouts in visual communications and design.